CAPITVLVM SECVNDVM

I. Familia Rōmāna

A. Iūlius est pater.

B. Aemilia est māter.

C. Mārcus est fīlius.

D. Quīntus quoque est fīlius.

E. Iūlia est fīlia.

F. Syra et Dēlia sunt ancillae.

G. Dāvus et Mēdus sunt servī.

II. There are three genders - Tria Genera

A. Genus Masculīnum (masculine gender)

1. names of male persons: Iūlius, Davus, Mārcus, Quīntus

2. nouns which denote male persons: dominus, servus, pater, puer, vir

3. grammatically masculine nouns: fluvius, ocēanus, liber, numerus

B. Genus Fēminīnum (feminine gender)

1. names of female persons: Iūlia, Aemilia, Syra, Dēlia

2. nouns which denote female persons: fēmina, puella, fīlia, domina

3. grammatically feminine nouns: īnsula, littera, familia

C. Genus Neutrum (neuter gender)

1. nouns which are neither (nē + uter: not either) masculine nor feminine: vocābulum, exemplum, oppidum, capitulum, pēnsum

III. The Genitive Case – Genetīvus Casus – means of or ’s or s’

A. The genitive case expresses the relationship of possession. In English this is usually expressed by means of the preposition “of” before the possessor or by putting an apostrophe and an “s” on the possessor: “Davus is the slave of Julius.” or “Davus is Julius’ slave.” = Dāvus est servus Iūliī. Instead of using “of” or apostrophe “s” to express this relationship, Latin adds the appropriate genitive case ending to the stem of the noun or adjective. Which form of the genitive case is appropriate depends on whether the noun has feminine, masculine or neuter gender and whether it is plural or singular in number.

B. These are the forms which are attached to the stems of nouns and adjectives in order to indicate that the word is in the genitive case:

	Fem.	Masc.	Neut.
Sg.	-ae	-ī	-ī
Pl.	-ārum	-ōrum	-ōrum

C. Examples:

1. Fem. sg. - Aemilia est māter Iūliae.

2. Fem. pl. - Aemilia est domina multārum ancillārum.

3. Masc. sg. - Pater Mārcī et Quīntī est Iūlius.

4. Masc. pl. - Iūlius est dominus multōrum servōrum.

5. Neut. sg. - “I” est prīma littera vocābulī “Iūlius.”

6. Neut. pl. - Magnus est numerus oppidōrum in Italiā.

IV. Conjunctions – Coniūnctiōnēs

A. Conjunctions join words, phrases, clauses and sentences.

B. Et between two words is the same as –que attached to the second of two words

C. Examples:

1. Mārcus et Quīntus = Mārcus Quīntusque

2. Iūlia Aemiliaque = Iūlia et Aemilia

V. Interrogative Pronouns – Prōnōmina Interrogātīva

A. Masc. sg. – quis? – “who?” when referring to a person or thing of the masculine gender

B. Fem. sg. – quae? – “who?” when referring to a person or thing of the feminine gender

C. Neut. sg. – quid? – “what?” when referring to a thing of the neuter gender or something of unknown gender

VI. Interrogative Adjective – Adiectīvum interrogātīvum

A. Quot? – “how many?” – is answered with a numerical adjective or number

B. Examples:

1. Quot puerī sunt in familiā Iūliī? – Duo puerī . . .

2. Quot fluviī sunt in Imperiō Rōmānō? – Multī fluviī. . .

VII. Declension of numbers – Dēclīnātiō Numerōrum

A. Most cardinal numbers are indeclinable; i.e., they do not have case endings: e.g., quattuor, quīnque, sex, septem, octō, novem, decem. . . etc.

B. The first three cardinal numbers have nominative case endings like this:

Fem.	Masc.	Neut.
ūna	ūnus	ūnum
duae	duo	duo
trēs	trēs	tria

C. Notice that by using the word numerus and the genitive case of what there is a number of we can express quantities of things in another way. Examples:

1. numerus servōrum in familiā Iūliī est magnus = sunt multī servī in . .

2. numerus fīliōrum in familiā Iūliī est duo = sunt duo fīliī in . . .

3. In Arabiā sunt pauca oppida = numerus oppidōrum in Arabiā est parvus

4. Sunt centum servī in familiā Iūliī = centum est numerus servōrum in . . .